WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.260 align:middle line:90% 00:00:01.260 --> 00:00:06.120 align:middle line:84% Akiro says, textbook revisions exist, 00:00:06.120 --> 00:00:09.840 align:middle line:84% "Japan's aggression against Northern China" replaced 00:00:09.840 --> 00:00:14.910 align:middle line:84% with "Japan's advance into Northern China," 00:00:14.910 --> 00:00:18.270 align:middle line:84% "Japan's invasion of Southeast Asia" 00:00:18.270 --> 00:00:24.150 align:middle line:84% replaced with "Japan's advance into Southeast Asia." 00:00:24.150 --> 00:00:26.389 align:middle line:90% Please discuss. 00:00:26.389 --> 00:00:29.383 align:middle line:90% [RINGS BELL] 00:00:29.383 --> 00:00:34.880 align:middle line:90% 00:00:34.880 --> 00:00:39.800 align:middle line:90% Mukai scores 106 and Noda 105. 00:00:39.800 --> 00:00:43.370 align:middle line:84% The newspaper article, a fabrication, 00:00:43.370 --> 00:00:46.700 align:middle line:84% a complete fiction, Mukai's attorney 00:00:46.700 --> 00:00:51.200 align:middle line:84% said before the war crimes tribunal, propaganda 00:00:51.200 --> 00:00:53.780 align:middle line:84% that made for an enticing story for the two 00:00:53.780 --> 00:00:59.330 align:middle line:84% instantly famous lieutenants seeking out new brides. 00:00:59.330 --> 00:01:02.810 align:middle line:84% And when the Japanese police showed up at Mukai's door 00:01:02.810 --> 00:01:07.130 align:middle line:84% in the spring of 1947, Mukai said, 00:01:07.130 --> 00:01:11.240 align:middle line:84% I did nothing wrong, telling his wife that the killing 00:01:11.240 --> 00:01:14.810 align:middle line:90% contest was all made up. 00:01:14.810 --> 00:01:20.942 align:middle line:84% Oh, then you lied to me, his wife reportedly said. 00:01:20.942 --> 00:01:24.344 align:middle line:90% [RINGS BELL] 00:01:24.344 --> 00:01:30.180 align:middle line:90% 00:01:30.180 --> 00:01:33.990 align:middle line:84% Baskets of gold, baskets of jade, 00:01:33.990 --> 00:01:37.170 align:middle line:84% how can we trust the testimony of survivors 00:01:37.170 --> 00:01:40.260 align:middle line:90% not to be exaggerated? 00:01:40.260 --> 00:01:43.620 align:middle line:84% Baskets of gold, baskets of jade, 00:01:43.620 --> 00:01:46.590 align:middle line:84% all of it left behind, my mother said, 00:01:46.590 --> 00:01:50.820 align:middle line:84% when the Japanese marched toward the gates of Nanjing. 00:01:50.820 --> 00:01:54.720 align:middle line:84% My mother born in 1936, according to the lunar 00:01:54.720 --> 00:01:58.020 align:middle line:84% calendar, she said, never quite sure 00:01:58.020 --> 00:02:01.650 align:middle line:84% which state to officially use on her California driver's 00:02:01.650 --> 00:02:02.610 align:middle line:90% license. 00:02:02.610 --> 00:02:05.910 align:middle line:84% My mother's family who went from everything 00:02:05.910 --> 00:02:10.470 align:middle line:84% to nothing, baskets of gold, baskets of jade 00:02:10.470 --> 00:02:14.640 align:middle line:84% hauled off by the soldiers overnight. 00:02:14.640 --> 00:02:17.940 align:middle line:84% But something's not quite right, my father says, 00:02:17.940 --> 00:02:20.430 align:middle line:90% about the time and the place. 00:02:20.430 --> 00:02:24.240 align:middle line:84% She was born in Xi'An, not Nanjing. 00:02:24.240 --> 00:02:27.870 align:middle line:84% She wasn't even there when the soldier scaled the walls 00:02:27.870 --> 00:02:33.360 align:middle line:84% after dropping ordnance sunup to sundown for weeks on end. 00:02:33.360 --> 00:02:38.340 align:middle line:84% Something must be wrong with her medication. 00:02:38.340 --> 00:02:40.650 align:middle line:84% Though it's true, my father says, her family 00:02:40.650 --> 00:02:42.000 align:middle line:90% ran from the Japs. 00:02:42.000 --> 00:02:46.050 align:middle line:90% We all did, just not in 1937. 00:02:46.050 --> 00:02:49.650 align:middle line:84% You know how she gets everything confused. 00:02:49.650 --> 00:02:52.980 align:middle line:84% Baskets of jade, baskets of gold, 00:02:52.980 --> 00:02:57.150 align:middle line:84% my mother in and out of psych wards for the last decades 00:02:57.150 --> 00:03:01.110 align:middle line:84% of her life, dead at the age of 62, 00:03:01.110 --> 00:03:05.100 align:middle line:84% half a globe and more than half a century away. 00:03:05.100 --> 00:03:07.590 align:middle line:84% No way to verify exactly what she 00:03:07.590 --> 00:03:11.970 align:middle line:84% meant when she pulled a long, gold hair from her own scalp 00:03:11.970 --> 00:03:18.210 align:middle line:84% and said, you know, you must be at least an eighth German, 00:03:18.210 --> 00:03:19.950 align:middle line:90% but your father-- 00:03:19.950 --> 00:03:24.270 align:middle line:84% so many things he still doesn't know. 00:03:24.270 --> 00:03:27.770 align:middle line:90% [RINGS BELL] 00:03:27.770 --> 00:03:32.700 align:middle line:90% 00:03:32.700 --> 00:03:36.630 align:middle line:84% Canceling class, I stay home from school, 00:03:36.630 --> 00:03:42.000 align:middle line:84% order three DVDs off Amazon, and surf the web all day 00:03:42.000 --> 00:03:44.160 align:middle line:90% for atrocities. 00:03:44.160 --> 00:03:49.320 align:middle line:84% Bullet, horse urine injected into human kidneys; 00:03:49.320 --> 00:03:53.850 align:middle line:84% bullet, animal blood ejected into veins; 00:03:53.850 --> 00:03:58.470 align:middle line:84% bullet, seawater injected into veins; 00:03:58.470 --> 00:04:06.570 align:middle line:84% bullet, air injected into veins; bullet, bubonic plague injected 00:04:06.570 --> 00:04:13.020 align:middle line:84% into veins; bullet, limbs amputated then reattached 00:04:13.020 --> 00:04:19.529 align:middle line:84% to opposite sides of the body; bullet, flamethrower practice; 00:04:19.529 --> 00:04:24.090 align:middle line:84% bullet, vivisection without anesthesia; 00:04:24.090 --> 00:04:28.830 align:middle line:84% bullet, limbs frozen off till only a torso and head 00:04:28.830 --> 00:04:33.872 align:middle line:84% remain, still breathing, eyes open. 00:04:33.872 --> 00:04:37.239 align:middle line:90% [RINGS BELL] 00:04:37.239 --> 00:04:43.030 align:middle line:90% 00:04:43.030 --> 00:04:45.700 align:middle line:84% When my brother brought his girlfriend home 00:04:45.700 --> 00:04:49.270 align:middle line:84% for the first time, he thought her being Asian 00:04:49.270 --> 00:04:54.310 align:middle line:84% and a member of the college speech team would be enough, 00:04:54.310 --> 00:04:56.890 align:middle line:84% but when my parents heard her last name had 00:04:56.890 --> 00:04:59.500 align:middle line:90% a few syllables too many-- 00:04:59.500 --> 00:05:04.000 align:middle line:84% Horiuchi, Yamaguchi, whatever it was-- 00:05:04.000 --> 00:05:09.040 align:middle line:84% what could they do but frown and whisper to one another, 00:05:09.040 --> 00:05:13.750 align:middle line:90% she's Japanese, so vicious? 00:05:13.750 --> 00:05:17.980 align:middle line:84% My family no longer knowing which country each of us 00:05:17.980 --> 00:05:19.962 align:middle line:90% were living in. 00:05:19.962 --> 00:05:22.848 align:middle line:90% [RINGS BELL] 00:05:22.848 --> 00:05:27.180 align:middle line:90% 00:05:27.180 --> 00:05:30.510 align:middle line:84% Canceling class, I stay home from school 00:05:30.510 --> 00:05:35.670 align:middle line:84% trying to square the accounts of just how many were massacred. 00:05:35.670 --> 00:05:43.380 align:middle line:90% 300,000, 200,000, 50,000, 50? 00:05:43.380 --> 00:05:46.740 align:middle line:90% [RINGS BELL] 00:05:46.740 --> 00:05:51.070 align:middle line:90% 00:05:51.070 --> 00:05:55.870 align:middle line:84% Very little remains of the first grade, 00:05:55.870 --> 00:06:00.130 align:middle line:84% only Sherri on a jungle gym at recess chanting, 00:06:00.130 --> 00:06:04.780 align:middle line:84% millimated monkey meat, roasty toasty parakeet, 00:06:04.780 --> 00:06:08.770 align:middle line:84% wormy vomit flowing down the avenue, 00:06:08.770 --> 00:06:11.620 align:middle line:90% and now it's time for lunch. 00:06:11.620 --> 00:06:14.980 align:middle line:90% I forgot my spoon. 00:06:14.980 --> 00:06:18.070 align:middle line:90% That, and one other-- 00:06:18.070 --> 00:06:24.730 align:middle line:84% Chinese, Japanese, Hercules, look at these, 00:06:24.730 --> 00:06:29.110 align:middle line:84% as Sherri rocked back and forth, bodacious knees 00:06:29.110 --> 00:06:33.940 align:middle line:84% churning inside an oversized T. Never asked her 00:06:33.940 --> 00:06:38.710 align:middle line:84% why she pulled the outer corner of her eyes up for Chinese 00:06:38.710 --> 00:06:41.980 align:middle line:90% and down for Japanese. 00:06:41.980 --> 00:06:44.260 align:middle line:84% Quite sure now even she didn't know 00:06:44.260 --> 00:06:47.170 align:middle line:84% how such pieces of rote performance art 00:06:47.170 --> 00:06:50.890 align:middle line:84% were handed down at recess, the source 00:06:50.890 --> 00:06:57.587 align:middle line:84% of their origins unknown, at least to us, in 1971. 00:06:57.587 --> 00:07:00.996 align:middle line:90% [RINGS BELL] 00:07:00.996 --> 00:07:06.840 align:middle line:90% 00:07:06.840 --> 00:07:09.960 align:middle line:84% And before they knew it, they found themselves 00:07:09.960 --> 00:07:14.130 align:middle line:84% beyond what they thought they were capable of, 00:07:14.130 --> 00:07:18.720 align:middle line:84% bayoneted survivors who felt they had no choice but to bring 00:07:18.720 --> 00:07:22.290 align:middle line:84% their trophies home, Japanese heads 00:07:22.290 --> 00:07:27.040 align:middle line:90% impaled on long bamboo poles. 00:07:27.040 --> 00:07:30.470 align:middle line:90% [RINGS BELL] 00:07:30.470 --> 00:07:36.350 align:middle line:90% 00:07:36.350 --> 00:07:40.370 align:middle line:84% Little else remains from my sophomore year in college 00:07:40.370 --> 00:07:44.690 align:middle line:84% but a course in abnormal psych, and little remains 00:07:44.690 --> 00:07:48.590 align:middle line:84% of that except for a lecture the professor gave 00:07:48.590 --> 00:07:52.940 align:middle line:84% about a serial killer who used to roam the Timpanogos 00:07:52.940 --> 00:07:57.050 align:middle line:84% Mountains on the very trails we were likely to hike 00:07:57.050 --> 00:08:00.170 align:middle line:90% as soon as school got out. 00:08:00.170 --> 00:08:04.310 align:middle line:84% Said the thing the killer liked to do most after binding 00:08:04.310 --> 00:08:08.960 align:middle line:84% his victim's wrists and ankles with duct tape 00:08:08.960 --> 00:08:13.400 align:middle line:84% was to turn on a portable cassette recorder 00:08:13.400 --> 00:08:17.630 align:middle line:84% while he chose one of many possible blades 00:08:17.630 --> 00:08:20.000 align:middle line:84% from a Swiss army knife his mother 00:08:20.000 --> 00:08:24.380 align:middle line:84% had given him, curious how the wounds he inflicted 00:08:24.380 --> 00:08:29.690 align:middle line:84% would each produce a different sound as the blade went in, 00:08:29.690 --> 00:08:35.419 align:middle line:84% then out, he who'd make an archive of his research, 00:08:35.419 --> 00:08:38.210 align:middle line:84% documenting the difference between puncturing 00:08:38.210 --> 00:08:44.930 align:middle line:84% a kidney versus a liver, an eyelid instead of a spleen, 00:08:44.930 --> 00:08:49.100 align:middle line:84% and the relish our professor took imitating some 00:08:49.100 --> 00:08:53.900 align:middle line:84% of the screams he'd heard began to trump the facts 00:08:53.900 --> 00:08:56.990 align:middle line:90% themselves, our professor, 00:08:56.990 --> 00:09:00.230 align:middle line:84% who had become the very thing he knew so much 00:09:00.230 --> 00:09:07.250 align:middle line:84% about and in so doing made the lesson all the more memorable, 00:09:07.250 --> 00:09:08.948 align:middle line:90% indelible. 00:09:08.948 --> 00:09:12.434 align:middle line:90% [RINGS BELL] 00:09:12.434 --> 00:09:19.920 align:middle line:90% 00:09:19.920 --> 00:09:26.100 align:middle line:84% Inscription on the tombstone of the homeless spirits-- 00:09:26.100 --> 00:09:32.010 align:middle line:84% in October of 1938, I, Gao Guanwu, 00:09:32.010 --> 00:09:36.180 align:middle line:84% was instructed by the government to go to Nanjing. 00:09:36.180 --> 00:09:40.140 align:middle line:84% It was a year after the Nanjing incident. 00:09:40.140 --> 00:09:43.590 align:middle line:84% Remains, however, still could be found on the mountains, 00:09:43.590 --> 00:09:47.370 align:middle line:84% at the city walls, in the thick growth of grass, 00:09:47.370 --> 00:09:49.530 align:middle line:90% and along the rivers. 00:09:49.530 --> 00:09:53.970 align:middle line:84% I, myself, collected 2,600 remains in the city 00:09:53.970 --> 00:09:55.830 align:middle line:90% and buried them. 00:09:55.830 --> 00:09:59.130 align:middle line:84% Two months later, the villagers related to me 00:09:59.130 --> 00:10:03.870 align:middle line:84% that there were more abandoned remains at Mao Shan, Ma Qun, 00:10:03.870 --> 00:10:08.370 align:middle line:90% Ma'An, and Linggu Monastery. 00:10:08.370 --> 00:10:12.630 align:middle line:84% The villagers pleaded for burial of those remains. 00:10:12.630 --> 00:10:15.360 align:middle line:84% Therefore, I conveyed this matter 00:10:15.360 --> 00:10:18.270 align:middle line:90% to the public health bureau. 00:10:18.270 --> 00:10:21.240 align:middle line:84% As a result, more than 3,000 bodies 00:10:21.240 --> 00:10:25.920 align:middle line:84% were collected and buried at the Linggu Monastery. 00:10:25.920 --> 00:10:31.590 align:middle line:84% This monument was erected to guard against wild beasts 00:10:31.590 --> 00:10:35.380 align:middle line:84% and to memorialize those homeless spirits. 00:10:35.380 --> 00:10:37.970 align:middle line:90% 00:10:37.970 --> 00:10:40.310 align:middle line:90% This text is from a rubbing. 00:10:40.310 --> 00:10:43.400 align:middle line:90% The stone is now lost. 00:10:43.400 --> 00:10:44.600 align:middle line:90% [RINGS BELL] 00:10:44.600 --> 00:10:45.800 align:middle line:90% [RINGS BELL] 00:10:45.800 --> 00:10:49.150 align:middle line:90% [RINGS BELL] 00:10:49.150 --> 00:10:52.096 align:middle line:90%