WEBVTT

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Questions.

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Yeah.

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How do you record and how do
you shift frequencies down

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into human range
with ultrasonic?

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Can you repeat the question?

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The question is,
how do I actually

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go about the
process of recording

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these ultrasonic
sounds and how do they

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become dropped or brought down
into our human hearing range.

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The microphones that I
use are my own invention.

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In fact, I'll use that.

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This is an occasion to
talk about them just

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as a general principle.

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These are all handmade out
of commonly found materials.

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I have sort of four
basic principles

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that I use in the transducer
designs that I build.

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They have to be cheap enough
that virtually anyone can

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build them.

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They have to be,
oh, I'd say 85%,

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90% as effective as their
equivalent scientific

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instrumentation.

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They have to be easy
enough to be built

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by children and young adults.

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And there's a fourth one
that I don't remember.

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It'll come to me.

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Basically, things
that can be found.

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Home Depot, RadioShack,
easily derived materials.

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None of the transducer systems
to record any of these sounds

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that you've heard tonight cost,
the most expensive of them

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cost maybe $35 to build.

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The ultrasonic microphones are
probably the most expensive.

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They cost the $35 to build.

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And it's simply
using a principle

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that was patented by
Crown Microphones.

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Patent is now run out, which
is what's called a boundary

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microphone principle.

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They're very cheap because
the basic transducer

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system costs around $27 ordered
from an electronic parts store.

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It took me a few
months of research.

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I had an intuition that
small tiny hearing aid

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transducers would propagate
into the ultrasonic range.

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And I did finally
track one down,

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where the challenge amongst
electronic designers is

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to eliminate all that high
frequency information,

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but I wanted it and it was a
very cheap way of doing it.

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By mounting it in this
particular principle,

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I can create a 6 dB increase
in sensitivity, which is

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very dramatic for a microphone.

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But it makes
something very cheap,

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but it also has a
characteristic that

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other ultrasonic
microphones don't

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have and ultrasonic microphones
tend to be very expensive

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instruments in the
$4,000 to $6,000 range.

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They're all highly
directional, you've really

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got to point them at the
source, whereas my design is

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omnidirectional, which is
why in the bat recordings

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you can hear all these
beautiful deflections that

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are occurring off of the
rock crevice surfaces

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within the Canyon.

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The secondary echoes
and things which

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are able to be
produced because these

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are omnidirectional devices.

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The process of
dropping them down,

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however, is a much
more expensive process.

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That requires a computer,
which can just simply change

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the sample rate so that I can
drop them down, maybe 10 times

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the frequency and
that, of course,

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also stretches them
10 times longer.

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Any of the bat sounds you heard,
the actual events are occurring

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in 1/10 the time frame that
you're actually hearing,

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way above our particular
hearing range.

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I wouldn't say that I've
addressed it as a research

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question, but I certainly
have thought about it

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as an inspiration.

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The mockingbird
piece, for instance.

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One of the things
that really inspired

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that was research done
on how many generations

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of mockingbirds, not
generations in the sense

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of reproductive generations,
but how many sequences

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of mockingbirds
have been tracked

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to respond to a
stimulus repeated

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in another mockingbird, picks
that up and then repeats it,

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and it's been tracked to
as many as maybe seven

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mockingbirds that will
pick up on some stimulus

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and continue that.

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So the idea here that
really excited me

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was this notion of
sending a signal

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into the physical environment,
the natural environment.

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Sort of like the
stone and the ripples

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in the pond in which
I could imagine,

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and these were
done in San Diego,

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that I could imagine somewhere
in Florida 20 years later,

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there's some mockingbird
making square waves that

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had no idea where they came
from, but had been passed along

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as an oral tradition
in that fashion.

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Besides that, the
question of scaling,

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both in terms of evolution
and in terms of sound,

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is a growing question.

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It's something
that's kind of just

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at the threshold of how we
deal with some of these things.

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And it's a fascinating
observation

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to see how these sound
production mechanisms repeat

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themselves over and over at
different levels of scale.

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It's one of the
things that I think

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is the clue to the recording
that I played of the bats

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in Mexico.

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And you could hear
what is apparently

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an amphibian croaking.

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Well, you also have to
imagine that 10 times

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higher in frequency
in much, much shorter.

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And yet, those
principles, the repetition

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of the generative
principles and mechanisms

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that keep repeating themselves
throughout the natural world

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scale really well in
all sorts of ways.

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So if you take birds and
you slow them way, way down

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in frequency and
time, they begin

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to sound like whales
and vice versa.

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You take the sounds
of humpback whales

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and you speed them
up and shorten them.

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They sound virtually like birds.

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So the sorts of mechanisms and
how the ecological adaptation--

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adaptive mechanisms
function in order

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to tear us to create
differentiation of envelope

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of pitch and amplitude,
how do things

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establish communication through
a dense fabric of other life.

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And that's one of the
really big burning questions

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that we're just
starting to look at,

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most bioacoustic
research out of necessity

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has focused primarily upon
single species behaviors

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or interspecies behaviors.

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And one of the new
frontiers is to really ask

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the larger question,
what sorts of things

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are occurring in
terms of species wise

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and within an ecology of
sound that has significance.

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It's an ongoing
frustration for anyone

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that does this kind of work.

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It's just the nature of things.

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There are very few quiet
places anywhere in the world.

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And of course, it is
the nature of sound

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that, since we, unlike the
bats, don't have shutters

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on our ears, our way of dealing
with the constant barrage

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of sound is a kind of
psychological and cognitive

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control mechanism where we
shove our oral perception

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off into the background.

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And even though we
are perceiving things

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and processing that as
information by the brain

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actively, our
conscious awareness

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often pulls away from that.

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So any of us, as we go about
our business during the day,

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we shut out the
sounds of airplanes.

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We shut out the sounds
of all of these things,

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and it's something
that when you have

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extremely sensitive microphones
attached to a recording device

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and you're desperately trying to
pick up the natural soundscape,

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it's a constant,
constant frustration.

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It's something that a colleague,
the [INAUDIBLE] Bernie Krause,

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has sort of
generalized, because one

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of the things you find
constantly nowadays that you

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didn't find many, many years
ago, with the sounds of cows

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everywhere.

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Even if the planes and human
motors aren't annoying you,

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the cows are.

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So he just sort of generically
refers to all of it

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as cow shit.

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But it's a problem
even at the scale

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of, I remember doing
recordings in Africa

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a couple of decades ago, I
was doing some work for hire

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for the London
and San Diego zoos

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to do water record sounds
of water whole habitats

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that were going to be used in
some really interesting ways.

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And I remember coming out in
Hwange, the second largest game

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park in Africa,
after days of travel

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out into some remote
site in a Land Rover

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and getting out to these
remote, just fantastic waterhole

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habitats rich with all
this diversity of wildlife.

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And all of this is going on
and I set up my microphones

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and I put my headphones on,
and I'm hearing all of this.

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But in the background I can hear
this little thump thump thump

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thump thump thump
thump thump thump

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sound that I had no idea
what this possibly could be.

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And I tracked it down.

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And it turns out that in
many of those game parks,

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because of there being
an imposed area where

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the wildlife would normally,
and their migration

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pathway seasonally
to find water,

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would move in tremendous range.

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That they're now isolated
into much more constrained

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territory.

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And that sound were the actual
sound of kerosene driven pumps

00:09:30.240 --> 00:09:32.910 align:middle line:84%
that operate all year
round to bring water

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from the aquifer up to
these natural, otherwise

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natural waterholes.

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In the absence of
that technology,

00:09:40.800 --> 00:09:43.075 align:middle line:84%
a lot of the wildlife
wouldn't survive.

00:09:43.075 --> 00:09:44.700 align:middle line:84%
So it's one of the
things that I became

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aware of very early on
during this kind of work

00:09:46.830 --> 00:09:53.580 align:middle line:84%
that, what we often ascribe this
characteristic of wilderness

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to aspects of the
world we live in,

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it's really more accurately
described as global park,

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even game parks in Africa.

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That's how seriously we
do affect and constrain

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the natural world.

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And it's a mixed thing,
because in many ways,

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it raises that question
of, just what is

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our responsibility
of maintenance

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and is this something
that we're imposing

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or something where we
have so already altered

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the fabric of the natural
world that it actually

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necessitates our intervention
to keep it alive.

00:10:29.940 --> 00:10:33.090 align:middle line:84%
And it's very much the metaphor,
I used to think about that.

00:10:33.090 --> 00:10:35.790 align:middle line:84%
There was a case, I can't
remember the names of back

00:10:35.790 --> 00:10:38.580 align:middle line:84%
in the Renaissance, they
were, I think, English.

00:10:38.580 --> 00:10:45.510 align:middle line:84%
Alchemists, a couple
that, so much of alchemy

00:10:45.510 --> 00:10:48.550 align:middle line:84%
involved almost kind
of yogic practice.

00:10:48.550 --> 00:10:50.460 align:middle line:84%
And they had learned
how to subvert

00:10:50.460 --> 00:10:54.630 align:middle line:84%
their own autonomic nervous
system around their breathing

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cycle.

00:10:55.890 --> 00:10:59.700 align:middle line:84%
And they thought this was
an extraordinary achievement

00:10:59.700 --> 00:11:02.220 align:middle line:84%
that they could consciously
stop their breathing

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and they got so good at it that
they both died in their sleep

00:11:06.270 --> 00:11:08.640 align:middle line:90%
when they stopped breathing.

00:11:08.640 --> 00:11:13.020 align:middle line:84%
They had learned how to shut
off the autonomic function,

00:11:13.020 --> 00:11:16.650 align:middle line:84%
but once they did so,
they couldn't go back.

00:11:16.650 --> 00:11:19.440 align:middle line:84%
And that's, I think,
an interesting metaphor

00:11:19.440 --> 00:11:21.780 align:middle line:84%
for the nature of where
we stand in relationship

00:11:21.780 --> 00:11:28.380 align:middle line:84%
to the planetary and ecological
diversity and richness.

00:11:28.380 --> 00:11:34.410 align:middle line:84%
Well, the bark beetle recordings
were a major watershed event

00:11:34.410 --> 00:11:35.920 align:middle line:90%
in my life.

00:11:35.920 --> 00:11:39.720 align:middle line:84%
It started with simply
asking the question

00:11:39.720 --> 00:11:43.350 align:middle line:84%
in the midst of
the massive die off

00:11:43.350 --> 00:11:46.620 align:middle line:84%
that was occurring near where
I live, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

00:11:46.620 --> 00:11:54.750 align:middle line:84%
And the piñon die off was
so dramatic that it took me

00:11:54.750 --> 00:12:00.210 align:middle line:84%
a while before I realized just
that this was not a seemingly

00:12:00.210 --> 00:12:01.425 align:middle line:90%
singular event.

00:12:01.425 --> 00:12:04.050 align:middle line:84%
And as I began to look into it,
as many people did at the time,

00:12:04.050 --> 00:12:07.350 align:middle line:84%
that most bark beetle
infestations really

00:12:07.350 --> 00:12:10.530 align:middle line:84%
have been characterized as due
to local drought conditions.

00:12:10.530 --> 00:12:12.270 align:middle line:84%
And the thing that
became very clear

00:12:12.270 --> 00:12:14.580 align:middle line:84%
is how many local drought
conditions were all

00:12:14.580 --> 00:12:18.030 align:middle line:84%
occurring simultaneously across
the entire Western United

00:12:18.030 --> 00:12:20.370 align:middle line:90%
States and Western Canada.

00:12:20.370 --> 00:12:24.330 align:middle line:84%
We're now facing
a situation where,

00:12:24.330 --> 00:12:28.410 align:middle line:84%
a very good example of this
is, despite all the bark

00:12:28.410 --> 00:12:32.430 align:middle line:84%
beetle devastation you've seen
in Arizona, Colorado, virtually

00:12:32.430 --> 00:12:35.850 align:middle line:84%
every Western State and every
Western province in Canada,

00:12:35.850 --> 00:12:39.360 align:middle line:84%
we're now beginning to
see something that is,

00:12:39.360 --> 00:12:41.790 align:middle line:84%
the evidence suggests,
a fossil record.

00:12:41.790 --> 00:12:43.350 align:middle line:84%
Evidence even
suggests that we've

00:12:43.350 --> 00:12:47.430 align:middle line:84%
never in Earth's history,
never experienced

00:12:47.430 --> 00:12:50.700 align:middle line:84%
something at the scale of insect
infestation in North America

00:12:50.700 --> 00:12:53.970 align:middle line:84%
that we're now witnessing
due to the bark beetles.

00:12:53.970 --> 00:12:56.730 align:middle line:84%
And that's only one of many
species of insects and tree

00:12:56.730 --> 00:12:59.130 align:middle line:84%
invasive insects in
particular which are having

00:12:59.130 --> 00:13:02.430 align:middle line:90%
really devastating effect.

00:13:02.430 --> 00:13:06.330 align:middle line:84%
Just one species, the
mountain pine beetle,

00:13:06.330 --> 00:13:08.640 align:middle line:84%
which has tended to be one
of the most destructive

00:13:08.640 --> 00:13:12.750 align:middle line:84%
in North America, has,
in the past two years,

00:13:12.750 --> 00:13:16.320 align:middle line:84%
managed to breach
the Rocky Mountains

00:13:16.320 --> 00:13:19.260 align:middle line:84%
into the boreal
forests of Canada.

00:13:19.260 --> 00:13:22.600 align:middle line:84%
They've been in British
Columbia for quite a while.

00:13:22.600 --> 00:13:24.540 align:middle line:84%
British Columbia
conservatively will probably

00:13:24.540 --> 00:13:29.280 align:middle line:84%
lose 70%, 80% of its
entire forest conifer mass

00:13:29.280 --> 00:13:33.390 align:middle line:90%
within another decade easily.

00:13:33.390 --> 00:13:35.010 align:middle line:84%
Those beetles have
made it across.

00:13:35.010 --> 00:13:37.890 align:middle line:84%
They are now beginning
to enter into the Jack

00:13:37.890 --> 00:13:41.320 align:middle line:84%
pine, a genome of trees
which have never faced them

00:13:41.320 --> 00:13:43.320 align:middle line:84%
because the beetles never
could have established

00:13:43.320 --> 00:13:47.340 align:middle line:84%
a complete life cycle before
because it was too cold.

00:13:47.340 --> 00:13:51.610 align:middle line:84%
The recent research paper just
published fairly last year,

00:13:51.610 --> 00:13:54.990 align:middle line:90%
in fact, in Nature by Kurz.

00:13:54.990 --> 00:13:59.580 align:middle line:84%
The computer modeling
shows that just this one

00:13:59.580 --> 00:14:02.310 align:middle line:84%
species of beetle, the
amount of tree death

00:14:02.310 --> 00:14:06.360 align:middle line:84%
that it will most likely be
responsible for by the year

00:14:06.360 --> 00:14:10.650 align:middle line:84%
2020, the amount
of carbon release

00:14:10.650 --> 00:14:14.660 align:middle line:84%
from dead trees and
subsequent fires,

00:14:14.660 --> 00:14:18.230 align:middle line:84%
will completely negate
all the attempts

00:14:18.230 --> 00:14:22.670 align:middle line:84%
of the Canadian government to
conform to the Kyoto Protocol.

00:14:22.670 --> 00:14:26.030 align:middle line:90%
One species of beetle.

00:14:26.030 --> 00:14:31.210 align:middle line:84%
There are 7,500 species of bark
and ambrosia beetles worldwide.

00:14:31.210 --> 00:14:34.480 align:middle line:84%
Now most of those are nowhere
near that destructive,

00:14:34.480 --> 00:14:38.410 align:middle line:84%
but what's, I think,
is an important thing

00:14:38.410 --> 00:14:40.300 align:middle line:84%
and what I've dedicated
the last for years,

00:14:40.300 --> 00:14:43.330 align:middle line:84%
one of the things I've
dedicated a lot of my life to,

00:14:43.330 --> 00:14:48.820 align:middle line:84%
is trying to understand
this aspect of what

00:14:48.820 --> 00:14:50.980 align:middle line:84%
this physicist is
collaborating, and I have coined

00:14:50.980 --> 00:14:53.200 align:middle line:90%
as entomogenic climate change.

00:14:53.200 --> 00:14:59.420 align:middle line:84%
The potential for
agents that small to,

00:14:59.420 --> 00:15:04.700 align:middle line:84%
once activated, that it's
almost insignificant what

00:15:04.700 --> 00:15:06.860 align:middle line:90%
the original causal agent was.

00:15:06.860 --> 00:15:10.760 align:middle line:84%
That they can take on a
positive feedback of behavior

00:15:10.760 --> 00:15:13.640 align:middle line:84%
that decouples from the
original causal agent.

00:15:13.640 --> 00:15:16.880 align:middle line:84%
And I think this is one of the
real pressing problems we face

00:15:16.880 --> 00:15:20.690 align:middle line:84%
in terms of climate
change issues,

00:15:20.690 --> 00:15:24.690 align:middle line:84%
is that we focus a great deal on
modeling the things we can see.

00:15:24.690 --> 00:15:27.830 align:middle line:84%
But what we're facing
are extraordinary changes

00:15:27.830 --> 00:15:30.580 align:middle line:90%
which are yet to be seen.

00:15:30.580 --> 00:15:32.550 align:middle line:84%
And micro ecological
events which

00:15:32.550 --> 00:15:36.030 align:middle line:90%
can have devastating impacts.

00:15:36.030 --> 00:15:38.310 align:middle line:84%
It's driven me into
this whole direction,

00:15:38.310 --> 00:15:42.630 align:middle line:84%
we have no control systems
for bark beetles, nothing.

00:15:42.630 --> 00:15:47.250 align:middle line:84%
You can spray pesticides on
a few trees prophylactically

00:15:47.250 --> 00:15:50.430 align:middle line:84%
but even there like in Santa Fe,
the piñons where people tried

00:15:50.430 --> 00:15:52.980 align:middle line:84%
to protect their property and
they sprayed prophylactically

00:15:52.980 --> 00:15:55.890 align:middle line:84%
to avoid the
infestation of beetles,

00:15:55.890 --> 00:15:57.310 align:middle line:90%
the beetles didn't invade.

00:15:57.310 --> 00:15:59.280 align:middle line:84%
But now two years later,
virtually every one

00:15:59.280 --> 00:16:03.170 align:middle line:90%
of those trees has mistletoe.

00:16:03.170 --> 00:16:05.090 align:middle line:84%
So we've altered the
hormonal structure

00:16:05.090 --> 00:16:08.480 align:middle line:84%
to make them vulnerable to
other kinds of parasitic agents.

00:16:08.480 --> 00:16:11.270 align:middle line:84%
So the only other
thing we've had

00:16:11.270 --> 00:16:15.860 align:middle line:84%
are pheromone traps, and that's
just immensely controversial

00:16:15.860 --> 00:16:18.020 align:middle line:84%
because in many cases,
the evidence would suggest

00:16:18.020 --> 00:16:19.820 align:middle line:84%
that where we place
these traps trying

00:16:19.820 --> 00:16:22.520 align:middle line:84%
to move the beetles to some
location for collection,

00:16:22.520 --> 00:16:26.540 align:middle line:84%
actually increases infestation
in some other domain

00:16:26.540 --> 00:16:27.900 align:middle line:90%
of the forest.

00:16:27.900 --> 00:16:30.960 align:middle line:84%
So we really don't
have an answer.

00:16:30.960 --> 00:16:33.890 align:middle line:84%
So the hope is that we can
come up with something.

00:16:33.890 --> 00:16:37.640 align:middle line:84%
And it's looking very good,
at least at the level of tree

00:16:37.640 --> 00:16:41.060 align:middle line:84%
to tree protocol, although
something unforeseen just like

00:16:41.060 --> 00:16:42.350 align:middle line:90%
with the pesticides may occur.

00:16:42.350 --> 00:16:44.990 align:middle line:84%
I have this sort of
terrible science fiction

00:16:44.990 --> 00:16:48.620 align:middle line:84%
vision in my mind that we'll
put sounds into these trees

00:16:48.620 --> 00:16:51.050 align:middle line:84%
and the beetles
will be controlled

00:16:51.050 --> 00:16:53.060 align:middle line:84%
and instead we'll
stimulate tree growth

00:16:53.060 --> 00:16:56.150 align:middle line:84%
and mutate them into some
form of something that

00:16:56.150 --> 00:17:04.250 align:middle line:84%
looks much more like, what was
the one tree is walking around.

00:17:04.250 --> 00:17:06.020 align:middle line:84%
But that's the
nature of something,

00:17:06.020 --> 00:17:08.359 align:middle line:84%
that I can just sort
of maybe summarize

00:17:08.359 --> 00:17:10.220 align:middle line:84%
some of this in
terms of what I think

00:17:10.220 --> 00:17:11.605 align:middle line:84%
is a very important
insight, it's

00:17:11.605 --> 00:17:13.730 align:middle line:84%
something I mentioned in
the radio interview, which

00:17:13.730 --> 00:17:17.210 align:middle line:84%
is that one of the most
important aspects I think,

00:17:17.210 --> 00:17:20.180 align:middle line:84%
of the discourse and the
interaction that can occur

00:17:20.180 --> 00:17:22.670 align:middle line:84%
between art and science, is
something that, again harking

00:17:22.670 --> 00:17:27.610 align:middle line:84%
back to Gregory Bateson pointed
out in very articulate terms.

00:17:27.610 --> 00:17:30.380 align:middle line:90%


00:17:30.380 --> 00:17:33.200 align:middle line:84%
And what I believe,
that science is probably

00:17:33.200 --> 00:17:36.410 align:middle line:84%
the most powerful survival
adaptation humans have ever

00:17:36.410 --> 00:17:37.640 align:middle line:90%
come up with.

00:17:37.640 --> 00:17:40.880 align:middle line:84%
It allows us to apply our
extraordinary rational

00:17:40.880 --> 00:17:45.710 align:middle line:84%
capacities to an understanding
of exclusive mechanisms

00:17:45.710 --> 00:17:47.270 align:middle line:90%
within the natural world.

00:17:47.270 --> 00:17:51.230 align:middle line:84%
That is something
incredibly important.

00:17:51.230 --> 00:17:54.320 align:middle line:84%
But the dark side
of that is that we

00:17:54.320 --> 00:17:57.530 align:middle line:84%
tend to apply the nature of the
rational mind in such a way,

00:17:57.530 --> 00:18:01.190 align:middle line:84%
as Bateson said, that
we see only partial arcs

00:18:01.190 --> 00:18:04.400 align:middle line:84%
of the circuits of
contingency that

00:18:04.400 --> 00:18:09.070 align:middle line:90%
link the entire fabric of life.

00:18:09.070 --> 00:18:12.660 align:middle line:84%
And in so doing, we often
invent things like pesticides

00:18:12.660 --> 00:18:15.220 align:middle line:90%
to solve a local problem.

00:18:15.220 --> 00:18:19.030 align:middle line:84%
And in many cases, that's
the only thing we can do.

00:18:19.030 --> 00:18:21.720 align:middle line:84%
But in the absence of an
understanding and appreciation

00:18:21.720 --> 00:18:24.780 align:middle line:84%
of these larger
circuits of contingency,

00:18:24.780 --> 00:18:27.660 align:middle line:84%
when we only see
the partial arcs,

00:18:27.660 --> 00:18:34.710 align:middle line:84%
the danger is that the
rational mind turns pathogenic.

00:18:34.710 --> 00:18:37.230 align:middle line:84%
It is, I believe,
the role of art

00:18:37.230 --> 00:18:41.640 align:middle line:84%
to remind us of these larger
circuits of contingency.

00:18:41.640 --> 00:18:46.590 align:middle line:84%
To bring us back to a more
sometimes archaic and sometimes

00:18:46.590 --> 00:18:49.875 align:middle line:84%
richer, deeper understanding
of the richness

00:18:49.875 --> 00:18:51.250 align:middle line:84%
of interrelationship
relationship

00:18:51.250 --> 00:18:53.310 align:middle line:90%
that life depends upon.

00:18:53.310 --> 00:18:56.190 align:middle line:90%
So this is not an either or.

00:18:56.190 --> 00:19:00.210 align:middle line:84%
And I'm one person who
does not in any way

00:19:00.210 --> 00:19:04.650 align:middle line:84%
believe that the dance
between metaphor and mechanism

00:19:04.650 --> 00:19:07.350 align:middle line:84%
that occurs between
the Arts and Sciences

00:19:07.350 --> 00:19:11.720 align:middle line:90%
is some kind of dichotomy.

00:19:11.720 --> 00:19:15.400 align:middle line:84%
But its posts as such, I
think it's a false dichotomy.

00:19:15.400 --> 00:19:17.710 align:middle line:84%
And in fact, what we
need to understand

00:19:17.710 --> 00:19:20.860 align:middle line:84%
is that there are distinct
social roles for each

00:19:20.860 --> 00:19:22.300 align:middle line:90%
of these human activities.

00:19:22.300 --> 00:19:25.070 align:middle line:84%
And they are completely
complementary.

00:19:25.070 --> 00:19:27.250 align:middle line:84%
And not only are
they complementary,

00:19:27.250 --> 00:19:31.660 align:middle line:84%
but they serve as a necessary
critique, a check and balance

00:19:31.660 --> 00:19:34.010 align:middle line:90%
upon each other's activities.

00:19:34.010 --> 00:19:37.060 align:middle line:84%
So when Bateson said,
in the closing quote

00:19:37.060 --> 00:19:40.360 align:middle line:84%
that "Rigor alone
is paralytic death,

00:19:40.360 --> 00:19:43.690 align:middle line:84%
imagination alone
is insanity," I

00:19:43.690 --> 00:19:48.070 align:middle line:84%
think that's one of the most
accurate statements where

00:19:48.070 --> 00:19:51.100 align:middle line:84%
we arrive at the end
of the 20th century

00:19:51.100 --> 00:19:54.300 align:middle line:84%
and the beginning
of the 21st century.

00:19:54.300 --> 00:19:56.790 align:middle line:90%
I think we have to end there.

00:19:56.790 --> 00:19:57.680 align:middle line:90%
So thank you.

00:19:57.680 --> 00:20:08.550 align:middle line:90%


00:20:08.550 --> 00:20:13.760 align:middle line:84%
And in good American fashion,
we have things that you can buy.

00:20:13.760 --> 00:20:15.000 align:middle line:90%